Analysis of glutathione-S-transferases from larvae of Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) with potential alkaloid detoxification function.

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is a global pest for beehives, doing damage in the larval stage. Although a significant number of studies have reported on larvae and adults, to date no effective pest control has been implemented. In this study, we tested larval resistance to alkaloids from Berberis microphylla, and the objective was to identify enzymes that participate in alkaloid detoxification through enzymatic assays, bioinformatics analysis and qRT-PCR. Findings suggest glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), from an increased metabolic mechanism, are responsible for alkaloid detoxification rather than cytochrome P450 (CYP), carboxylesterases (CarE). A bioinformatics analysis from transcriptome data revealed 22 GSTs present in both G. mellonella larvae and adults. The qRT-PCR experiments corroborated the presence of the 22 GSTs in larvae, where GST8 and GST20 stood out with the highest expression after berberine treatment. Structural information around GST8 and GST20 suggests that GST8 could bind berberine stronger than GST20. These findings represent an important advance in the study of detoxification enzymes in G. mellonella, expanding the role of delta-class GSTs towards alkaloids. Likewise, GST inhibition by alkaloid analogs is proposed in the framework of integrated pest management strategies.

Fibro-odontoma ameloblástico: reporte de un caso / Ameloblastic fibro-odontoma: a case report

Objetivo: Presentar el caso de una patología poco común como es el fibro-odontoma ameloblástico (FOA), su manejo interdisciplinario y su resolución quirúrgica. Caso clínico: En este reporte de caso describimos un FOA en una paciente de 10 años, ubicado en el cuerpo mandibular derecho, asociado a las raíces de molares temporales que generó la retención de premolares. Se realizó la enucleación completa de la lesión, exodoncia de los temporales asociados y se decidió mantener los dientes definitivos y esperar su erupción espontánea. Es importante considerar la posibilidad de mantener el diente retenido si este no dificulta la exéresis de la lesión, ya sea para su erupción espontánea o rescate ortodóntico, lo cual es posible observar en este caso en el que se aprecia una evolución intraósea favorable. Con respecto al seguimiento, se recomienda el control a largo plazo con el fin de controlar la erupción del órgano dentario o la aparición de posibles recidivas (AU)

Aim: To present a clinical case of a rare pathology, the ameloblastic fibro odontoma (AFO), its interdisciplinary management and its surgical resolution. Clinical case: In this case report we describe an AFO in a 10-years-old patient, localized in the right hand side of the body of the mandible, associated with the roots of temporary molars that generated the retention of the premolars. Complete enucleation of the lesion and the extraction of the associated temporary molars were performed. It was decided to keep the permanent teeth and to wait for their spontaneous eruption. It is important to consider the possibility of keeping the retained teeth if it does not hinder the excision of the lesion, either for its spontaneous eruption or orthodontic rescue, which is possible to see in this case, in which a favorable intraosseous evolution is appreciated. With regard to follow-up, long-term monitoring is recommended in order to control the eruption of the dental organ or the appearance of possible recurrences (AU)

Respuesta a la prueba de caminata de seis minutos en niños con riesgo cardiovascular / Response to the six-minute walk test in children with cardiovascular risk

INTRODUCCIÓN: El riesgo cardiovascular (RCV) se define como la posibilidad que tiene un sujeto de sufrir una enfermedad cardiovascular dentro de un determinado plazo de tiempo. Si bien la patología se hace sintomatica en etapa adulta, los cambios fisiopatológicos comienzan a desarrollarse en edades tempranas. OBJETIVO: Establecer la relación entre capacidad cardiorrespiratoria, estimada a través de la prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M), y el RCV en niños con síndrome metabólico. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Se analizaron 42 niños, edad 5 a 15 años, que asistieron a la Unidad de Cardiología Infantil del Hospital Carlos Van Buren entre los años 2015 y 2017. Cada participante se categorizó de acuerdo al puntaje de RCV de Alustiza, que define 3 niveles de riesgo: bajo (0 a 6 puntos), medio (7 a 8 puntos) y alto (9 o más puntos), lo que se traduciría en una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar una enfermedad cardiovascular, y realizó concomitantemente la PC6M. RESULTADOS: La edad media del grupo de ni ños fue de 10,9 ± 2,7 años, con un Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) = 31,0 ± 4,6 kg/m2 (z-score 3,2 ± 0,7). Los niños recorren 75,2 ± 8,9 por ciento de la distancia teórica, con un porcentaje de frecuencia cardíaca de reserva (FCR) = 31,0 ± 9,4. No se observaron relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre RCV y PC6M. CONCLUSIONES: No se encuentra relación entre la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y RCV. Se cuestiona la utilidad de la PC6M para valorar el RCV en la población de estudio.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular risk (CVR) is defined as the possibility of a subject suffering from car diovascular disease within a certain period. Although the pathology appears in adult life, the physiopathological changes start to develop at an early age. OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship bet ween cardiorespiratory capacity (CRC)and CVR in children with metabolic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data corresponding to 42 children aged from 5 to 15 years who were seen at the Children's Cardiology Unit of the Carlos Van Buren Hospital between 2015 and 2017. Each parti cipant was categorized according to the Alustiza's CVR score, which defines 3 levels of risk: low (0 to 6 points), medium (7 to 8 points) and high (9 or more points), which representing a greater probability of developing cardiovascular disease, and performed 6MWT. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 10.9 ± 2.7 years, body mass index (BMI) = 31.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2 (z-score 3.2 ± 0.7), percentage of theoretical distance walked = 75.2 ± 8.9, and percentage of heart rate reserve (HRR) = 31.0 ± 9.4. There was no statistical association between 6MWT and CVR. CONCLUSIONS: There is no relationship between the cardiorespiratory capacity and the CVR. The use of the 6MWT is questioned as an ins trument to assess CVR in the population under study.

Arginine vasotocin impacts chemosensory behavior during social interactions of Anolis carolinensis lizards.

In reptiles, arginine vasotocin (AVT) impacts the performance of and response to visual social signals, but whether AVT also operates within the chemosensory system as arginine vasopressin (AVP) does in mammals is unknown, despite social odors being potent modifiers of competitive and appetitive behavior in reptiles. Here, we ask whether elevated levels of exogenous AVT impact rates of chemical display behavior (e.g. tongue flicks) in adult males, and whether conspecific males or females can chemically discriminate between competitor males based on differing levels of exogenous AVT in green anoles (Anolis carolinensis). We injected wild-caught green anole males with either AVT (AVT-Males) or a vehicle control (CON-Males) solution, then presented treated males with a conspecific stimulus (Intruder-Male or Intruder-Female) and filmed 30-minute interactions. We found that AVT-Males were faster than CON-Males to perform a tongue flick to conspecifics, and faster to chemically display toward Intruder-Females, suggesting AVT increased male interest in available chemical information during social encounters. Intruders performed more lip smack behavior when interacting with AVT-Males than with CON-Males, and Intruder-Males performed more tongue flick behavior when interacting with AVT-Males than with CON-Males, suggesting anoles can discriminate between conspecifics based on exogenous AVT levels. We also found a reduction in Intruder movement behavior when Intruders were paired with AVT-Males. This study provides empirical support for AVT-mediated chemosensory behavior in reptilian social interactions, in a microsmatic lizard species, suggesting the mechanism by which mammalian AVP and non-mammalian AVT mediate chemosensory behavior during social interactions may be evolutionarily conserved.

Tertiary treatment (Chlorella sp.) of a mixed effluent from two secondary treatments (immobilized recombinant P. pastori and rPOXA 1B concentrate) of coloured laboratory wastewater (CLWW).

Industrial development has increased wastewater (WW) volume; generating contamination and disturbing ecosystems, because of breeching disposal parameters. In this work, Coloured Laboratory Wastewater (CLWW), (1500.00 colour units, CU) was separately submitted to two secondary treatments. For the first one CLWW was treated for three cycles C1, C2 and C3 with P. pastoris X33/pGAPZαA-LaccPost-Stop producing rPOXA 1B laccase, immobilized in calcium alginate beads. For the second-one, rPOXA 1B enzyme concentrate was used (three processes: P1, P2, and P3). Both treatments were carried out in a 15 L reactor with 10 L effective work volume (EWV) with 72 h hydraulic retention time. C1, C2, and C3 effluents were flocculated and filtered through quartzite sand, while P1, P2, and P3 effluents were only filtered through quartzite sand. The mixture of secondary effluents was submitted to a tertiary treatment with Chlorella sp. For C1, C2, C3, P1, P2, and P3, CU removal was of 99.16, 99.58, 99.53, 96.72, 97.05 and 96.47%, respectively. Discharge parameters, total organic carbon (TOC), inorganic carbon (IC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) decreased, although they reached different final values. After the tertiary treatment (144 h) effluent discharge parameters were reduced to 34 ± 4 CU, TOC to 6.6 ± 0.9 mg L-1 and COD to 155 ± 4 mg L-1. It was demonstrated that secondary treatments (immobilized recombined cells or recombinant enzyme concentrate) combined with Chlorella sp., (tertiary treatment) attained a considerable removal of discharge parameters, demonstrating a promissory alternative for CLWW sequential treatment.

Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) in primary care centers in Chile.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the implementation status of the Community-Based Rehabilitation in Chile. METHODS: Quantitative, transversal and descriptive study. The scope was constituted by the 66 community-based rehabilitation centers in the Chilean Metropolitan Region that implemented Community-Based Rehabilitation until December 2016. The sampling was based on a census method, so all the community centers were contacted. A self-administered questionnaire designed based on the Community-Based Rehabilitation matrix defined by the World Health Organization was applied. The questionnaire was answered on-line by the coordinators of the strategy in their respective centers. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: A heterogeneous level of implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation was identified, specifically in terms of the components of the matrix described by the World Health Organization. The most implemented component was Health; the Social, Livelihood and Empowerment components were moderately implemented; and the Education component was the least implemented. CONCLUSION: The implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation is mainly based on the Health component. The level implementation of the other components of the matrix needs to be increased, as well as interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategies to achieve greater social inclusion of people with disabilities.

Antimicrobial Contribution of Chitosan Surface-Modified Nanoliposomes Combined with Colistin against Sensitive and Colistin-Resistant Clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Colistin is a re-emergent antibiotic peptide used as a last resort in clinical practice to overcome multi-drug resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the dissemination of colistin-resistant strains has increased in recent years and is considered a public health problem worldwide. Strategies to reduce resistance to antibiotics such as nanotechnology have been applied successfully. In this work, colistin was characterized physicochemically by surface tension measurements. Subsequently, nanoliposomes coated with highly deacetylated chitosan were prepared with and without colistin. The nanoliposomes were characterized using dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. Both physicochemical parameters fluctuated relatively to the addition of colistin and/or polymer. The antimicrobial activity of formulations increased by four-fold against clinical isolates of susceptible Pseudomona aeruginosa but did not have antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Interestingly, the free coated nanoliposomes exhibited the same antibacterial activity in both sensitive and MDR strains. Finally, the interaction of colistin with phospholipids was characterized using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and determined that colistin is weakly associated with micelles constituted by zwitterionic phospholipids.

[Response to the six-minute walk test in children with cardiovascular risk]. / Respuesta a la prueba de caminata de seis minutos en niños con riesgo cardiovascular.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiovascular risk (CVR) is defined as the possibility of a subject suffering from car diovascular disease within a certain period. Although the pathology appears in adult life, the physiopathological changes start to develop at an early age. OBJECTIVE: To establish the relationship bet ween cardiorespiratory capacity (CRC)and CVR in children with metabolic syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data corresponding to 42 children aged from 5 to 15 years who were seen at the Children's Cardiology Unit of the Carlos Van Buren Hospital between 2015 and 2017. Each parti cipant was categorized according to the Alustiza's CVR score, which defines 3 levels of risk: low (0 to 6 points), medium (7 to 8 points) and high (9 or more points), which representing a greater probability of developing cardiovascular disease, and performed 6MWT. RESULTS: The mean age of the children was 10.9 ± 2.7 years, body mass index (BMI) = 31.0 ± 4.6 kg/m2 (z-score 3.2 ± 0.7), percentage of theoretical distance walked = 75.2 ± 8.9, and percentage of heart rate reserve (HRR) = 31.0 ± 9.4. There was no statistical association between 6MWT and CVR. CONCLUSIONS: There is no relationship between the cardiorespiratory capacity and the CVR. The use of the 6MWT is questioned as an ins trument to assess CVR in the population under study.

Community-based rehabilitation (CBR) in primary care centers in Chile / Rehabilitación basada en la comunidad (RBC) en centros de atención primaria en Chile

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the implementation status of the Community-Based Rehabilitation in Chile. METHODS Quantitative, transversal and descriptive study. The scope was constituted by the 66 community-based rehabilitation centers in the Chilean Metropolitan Region that implemented Community-Based Rehabilitation until December 2016. The sampling was based on a census method, so all the community centers were contacted. A self-administered questionnaire designed based on the Community-Based Rehabilitation matrix defined by the World Health Organization was applied. The questionnaire was answered on-line by the coordinators of the strategy in their respective centers. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A heterogeneous level of implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation was identified, specifically in terms of the components of the matrix described by the World Health Organization. The most implemented component was Health; the Social, Livelihood and Empowerment components were moderately implemented; and the Education component was the least implemented. CONCLUSION The implementation of Community-Based Rehabilitation is mainly based on the Health component. The level implementation of the other components of the matrix needs to be increased, as well as interdisciplinary and intersectoral strategies to achieve greater social inclusion of people with disabilities.

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Describir el estado de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad en Chile. MÉTODOS Estudio cuantitativo, transversal y descriptivo. El universo estuvo conformado por los 66 centros comunitarios de rehabilitación de la Región Metropolitana de Chile que implementaron la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad hasta diciembre de 2016. El muestreo tuvo intención censal, por lo que se contactaron todos los centros comunitarios. Se aplicó un cuestionario autoadministrado diseñado con base a la matriz de Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El cuestionario fue respondido on-line por los coordinadores de la estrategia en sus respectivos centros. El análisis de datos se realizó utilizando estadígrafos descriptivos. RESULTADOS Se identificó un nivel heterogéneo de implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad, específicamente en cuanto a los componentes de la matriz descrita por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El componente más implementado fue Salud; los componentes Social, Subsistencia y Fortalecimiento fueron medianamente implementados; y el componente Educación fue el menos implementado. CONCLUSIÓN La implementación de la Rehabilitación Basada en la Comunidad se basa principalmente en el componente Salud. Se requiere aumentar el nivel de implementación de los otros componentes de la matriz, así como de estrategias interdisciplinarias e intersectoriales para lograr una mayor inclusión social de las personas con discapacidad.

Increases in Hydrophilicity and Charge on the Polar Face of Alyteserin 1c Helix Change its Selectivity towards Gram-Positive Bacteria.

Recently, resistance of pathogens towards conventional antibiotics has increased, representing a threat to public health globally. As part of the fight against this, studies on alternative antibiotics such as antimicrobial peptides have been performed, and it has been shown that their sequence and structure are closely related to their antimicrobial activity. Against this background, we here evaluated the antibacterial activity of two peptides developed by solid-phase synthesis, Alyteserin 1c (WT) and its mutant derivative (ΔM), which shows increased net charge and reduced hydrophobicity. These structural characteristics were modified as a result of amino acid substitutions on the polar face of the WT helix. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of both peptides was obtained in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results showed that the rational substitutions of the amino acids increased the activity in Gram-positive bacteria, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, for which the MIC was one-third of that for the WT analog. In contrast to the case for Gram-positive bacteria, these substitutions decreased activity against Gram-negative bacteria, especially in Escherichia coli, for which the MIC was eight-fold higher than that exhibited by the WT peptide. To understand this, models of the peptide behavior upon interacting with membranes of E. coli and S. aureus created using molecular dynamics were studied and it was determined that the helical stability of the peptide is indispensable for antimicrobial activity. The hydrogen bonds between the His20 of the peptides and the phospholipids of the membranes should modulate the selectivity associated with structural stability at the carboxy-terminal region of the peptides.

Analysis of the grapevine moth Lobesia botrana antennal transcriptome and expression of odorant-binding and chemosensory proteins.

The grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, is considered a harmful pest for vineyards in Chile as well as in North America and Europe. Currently, monitoring and control methods of L. botrana are based on its main sex pheromone component, being effective for low population densities. In order to improve control methods, antennal olfactory proteins in moths, such as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and odorant receptors (ORs) have been studied as promising targets for the discovery of new potent semiochemicals, which have not been reported for L. botrana. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the repertoire of proteins related to chemoreception in L. botrana by antennal transcriptome and analyze the relative expression of OBPs and CSPs in male and female antennae. Through next-generation sequencing of the antennal transcriptome by Ilumina HiSeq2500 we identified a total of 118 chemoreceptors, from which 61, 42 and 15 transcripts are related to ORs, ionotropic receptors (IRs) and gustatory receptors (GRs), respectively. Furthermore, RNA-Seq data revealed 35 transcripts for OBPs and 18 for chemosensory proteins (CSPs). Analysis by qRT-PCR showed 20 OBPs significantly expressed in female antennae, while 5 were more expressed in males. Similarly, most of the CSPs were significantly expressed in female than male antennae. All the olfactory-related sequences were compared with homologs and their phylogenetic relationships elucidated. Finally, our findings in relation to the improvement of L. botrana management are discussed.

Factores de riesgo audiológicos en estudiantes de medicina evaluados con otoemisiones acústicas / Risk factors audiological medical students evaluated otoacoustic emissions

La relación entre audición y desarrollo neuropsicológico está ampliamente demostrada. Pérdidas auditivas se asocian a deterioro del lenguaje y dificultades del desarrollo, no hay trabajos similares previos en estudiantes de medicina además de escasas investigaciones en adultos. El objetivo es conocer los factores de riesgo audiológicos en estudiantes de medicina y detectar la presencia de alteraciones auditivas mediante otoemisiones acústicas. Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo con componentes analítico de corte transversal. Del universo se calculó una muestra de 22 estudiantes de la facultad de ciencias médicas de Asunción en agosto del 2014, los datos fueron recolectados mediante una encuesta sobre exposición a factores de riesgo audiológicos. Los principales factores de riesgo encontrados fueron: frecuentar lugares con música elevada (63,6%) y el uso de auriculares por dos o más horas (63,6%). El 90,9% de los estudiantes conocían los efectos nocivos de la exposición a ruidos intensos. Los resultados de las otoemisiones acústicas: en el oído derecho el 13,6%(3) y en el oído izquierdo el 4,5%(1) no pasaron la señal emitida .Se encontró asociación significativa entre alteración audiológica y escuchar música elevada (p<0,05) y no se halló asociación significativa de alteración audiológica con la utilización de auriculares (p>0,05). Se encontró que elevado porcentaje de los estudiantes conoce los efectos nocivos del ruido en el individuo, a pesar de lo cual sus hábitos auditivos los colocan dentro de un grupo de riesgo de pérdida progresiva de la audición, como limitación del estudio resaltamos la muestra pequeña.

The relationship between hearing and neuropsychological development is well established. Hearing loss associated with language impairment and developmental difficulties, no previous similar work in medical students in addition to limited research in adults. The objective is to audiological risk factors in medical students and the presence of hearing impairment by otoacoustic emissions. A descriptive observational study with cross-sectional analytical components was conducted. The universe a sample of 22 students of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Asuncion in August of 2014, data were collected through a survey of exposure to risk factors was estimated audiological. The main risk factors found were: frequent places with loud music (63.6%) and the use of headphones for two or more hours (63.6%). 90.9% of students knew the harmful effects of exposure to loud noise.The results of otoacoustic emissions: in the right ear, 13.6% (3) in the left ear and 4.5% (1) did not pass the signal emitted .It found significant association between audiological and hearing loud music (p alteration <0.05) and found no significant association of alteration audiological with the use of headphones (p> 0.05). It was found that high percentage of students aware of the harmful effects of noise on the individual, despite their listening habits which put them in a risk group of progressive hearing loss as a limitation of the study highlight the small sample.

Manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas del reflujo gastroesofágico patológico y del reflujo faringolaríngeo en pacientes pediátricos / Otorhinolaryngological manifestations of pathological gastroesophageal reflux and laryngopharyngeal reflux in pediatric patients

Objetivos: 1. Determinar el grado de asociación entre la presencia de RGE patológico y/o RFL y la presencia de manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en pacientes pediátricos que consultaron en un centro privado en un periodo de 10 años. 2. Determinar los factores de riesgo presentes en pacientes con diagnóstico de RGE patológico y/o RFL. Metodología: Estudio observacional analítico de casos y controles no pareado, que investigó la asociación entre RGE patológico y/o RFL y la presencia de manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas en 22 pacientes (casos) y 22 controles. Para el análisis se utilizó estadística descriptiva, las pruebas estadísticas de Chi Cuadrado y el test exacto de Fisher para analizar las variables cualitativas y la T de Student para analizar las variables cuantitativas. Las variables independientes fueron verificadas utilizando el cálculo del odd radio (OR) para datos no pareados, el intervalo de confianza (IC 95) y el valor de p. Resultados: Las manifestaciones ORL se presentaron en 33 pacientes correspondiendo a un 75 del total de la muestra; en el análisis se observó que existe la probabilidad que 17,5 veces más se observen manifestaciones ORL en los casos (p=0,005) que en los controles, siendo la apnea la manifestación más frecuente en los casos. Existe falta de asociación con relación a la presencia o ausencia de algún factor de riesgo asociado; no obstante las alergias (rinitis alérgica) están asociadas 4,5 veces más a los casos (p=0.03). Conclusión: Ante el presente estudio podemos afirmar que existe una estrecha relación entre la presencia de RGE patológico y/o RFL y la aparición de manifestaciones ORL.